Vulvar cancer develops in the vulva, the external female genital area (including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). It is a rare cancer but often treatable when detected early. Most cases occur in women over 60, though it can affect younger women.
2. Causes & Risk Factors
- HPV Infection: Some cases link to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially in younger women.
- Chronic Skin Conditions: Lichen sclerosis (a condition causing itchy, white patches) or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN, pre-cancerous cell changes).
- Age: Risk increases with age.
- Smoking: Weakens immunity and increases cancer risk.
- Weakened Immune System: Due to conditions like HIV or organ transplant medications.
3. Symptoms
- Itching, burning, or pain in the vulvar area.
- Lumps, sores, or thickened skin on the vulva.
- Bleeding not related to menstruation.
- Colour changes (red, white, or dark patches).
- Pain during urination or sex.
4. Prevention
- HPV Vaccine: Protects against high-risk HPV strains (recommended for ages 9–45).
- Avoid Smoking: Reduces cancer risk.
- Manage Skin Conditions: Treat lichen sclerosis or VIN promptly.
- Safe Sex: Use condoms to lower HPV exposure.
- Regular Self-Exams: Check the vulva for changes and report them.
5. Screening
- Routine Screening: Unlike cervical cancer, there’s no standard screening test.
- High-Risk Individuals: Regular pelvic exams and biopsies of suspicious areas.
- Symptom Awareness: Persistent vulvar symptoms warrant immediate evaluation.
6. Diagnosis & Treatment
- Diagnosis:
- Pelvic Exam: Visual and physical check of the vulva.
- Biopsy: Removal of a tissue sample for testing (definitive diagnosis).
- Imaging: CT/MRI scans to check for spread.
- Treatment Options:
- Surgery: Removal of cancerous tissue (e.g., wide local excision, vulvectomy).
- Radiation: For advanced cases or recurrence.
- Chemotherapy/Targeted Therapy: Used in combination with other treatments.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is vulvar cancer linked to HPV?
Yes, in about 40–60% of cases.
- Can a smear (Pap) test detect it?
No—Cervical smear tests for cervical cancer only.
- Is it hereditary?
Rarely, but family history of vulvar or other cancers may increase risk.
- What’s the survival rate?
Early-stage diagnosis has an 80–90% 5-year survival rate.
- Can it recur?
Yes, follow-up care is critical.
eGynaecologist Advice:
- You must consult a gynaecologist if you have persistent vulvar itching, lumps, or skin changes
- You should have regular check ups with your doctor if you have lichen sclerosis or VIN
- Symptoms of vulvar cancer are often mistaken for infections or skin conditions. You must consult a gynaecologist if you suffer from persistent changes to vulva.
- Regular follow up checks after treatment with your gynaecologist are important to monitor your health and prevent complications of recurrence of cancer
