Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the womb (uterus). It often grows slowly, starting with pre-cancerous changes (dysplasia) that can be detected early through screening.
2. Causes & Risk Factors
- HPV Infection: Over 95% of cases link to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 16 and 18. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection; most people clear it naturally, but persistent infection can lead to cancer.
- Other Risks: Smoking, weakened immunity, long-term contraceptive use, multiple sexual partners, and family history.
3. Symptoms
Early stages may show no symptoms. Later signs include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or post-menopause).
- Unusual discharge (bloody, foul-smelling).
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
4. Prevention
- HPV Vaccine: Protects against high-risk HPV types. Recommended for ages 9–45 (ideally before sexual activity).
- Safe Sex: Use condoms and limit partners.
- Avoid Smoking: Smoking increases cancer risk.
- Regular Screening: Even if vaccinated
5. Screening
- Cervical (Pap) Smear: Checks for cell changes. Starts at 25 in UK, repeat every 3–5 years.
- HPV Test: Detects high-risk HPV strains. Often combined with smear tests for those 30+.
6. Diagnosis & Treatment
- Diagnosis: Abnormal screening results may lead to a colposcopy (exam with a special microscope) or biopsy.
- Treatment Options:
- Surgery: Remove cancerous tissue (e.g., hysterectomy).
- Radiation/Chemotherapy: For advanced stages.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs targeting cancer cells.
- Fertility sparing treatment: Loop excision, Cone biopsy or trachelectomy
Frequently Asked Questions:
- Is cervical cancer hereditary?
Rarely, but family history may slightly increase risk.
- Can men get HPV?
Yes—they can carry HPV and develop other cancers (e.g., throat, penile).
- Does the vaccine guarantee protection? No, but it significantly reduces risk. Continue screenings.
eGynaecologist Advice:
- Seek immediate gynaecological consultation if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding or unusual bloody or offensive vaginal discharge.
- You must attend regular cervical screening with your doctor even if you have completed HPV vaccinations
- Regular follow up checks after treatment with your gynaecologist are important to monitor your health and prevent complications of recurrence of cancer.
