Cervical Biopsy

A cervical biopsy is a minor procedure to remove a small sample of tissue from your cervix (the entrance to the uterus). It is usually done during a colposcopy (a close examination of the cervix) to check for abnormal cells that could indicate precancerous changes or cancer. Cervical biopsy is a diagnostic procedure (not a treatment) which helps determine if further action is needed and is performed in a clinic

Why is it Performed?

Your gynaecologist may recommend a cervical biopsy if:

• Abnormal cervical screening (smear) results (e.g., high-risk HPV or cell changes).
• Suspicious areas are seen during colposcopy.
• To rule out or confirm cervical cancer or precancer (CIN).

Before the Procedure

• Timing: Avoid scheduling during your period (ideal time: mid-cycle).
• Avoid for 24–48 hours:
  • Vaginal sex, tampons, or lubricants.
  • Vaginal medications or douches.
• Pain relief: Take paracetamol/ibuprofen 30–60 minutes before (if advised).
• Ask questions: Discuss concerns, allergies, or pregnancy (if applicable).

During the Procedure

1. Positioning: You lie on an exam table with legs in supports (similar to a smear test).
2. Speculum: A plastic tool gently opens the vagina to view the cervix.
3. Colposcopy: A microscope (colposcope) magnifies the cervix. A vinegar-like solution highlights abnormal area.
4. Biopsy:
   1. A small tissue sample is taken with forceps or a punch tool (you may feel a pinch or cramp).
   1. Local anaesthetic may numb the area (optional).
   1. Multiple samples may be taken.
5. Completion: Pressure or a solution is applied to stop bleeding.

What you might feel:

• Brief cramping or stinging.
• Pressure during the biopsy.

Risks and Complications

• Common (temporary):
  • Light bleeding or dark discharge (may last 1–3 days).
  • Mild cramping (similar to period pain).
• Rare but serious:
  • Infection (symptoms: fever, foul-smelling discharge).
  • Heavy bleeding (soaking a pad hourly).

After the Procedure

• Self-care:
  • Use sanitary pads (no tampons) until bleeding stops.
  • Avoid sex, swimming, or baths for 3–5 days.
  • Take pain relief (e.g., paracetamol) as needed.
• Follow-up:
  • Results take 1–2 weeks. Your doctor will explain:
    • Normal: No abnormal cells – continue routine screening.
    • Abnormal: Further tests/treatment (e.g., LLETZ, cryotherapy).

Long-Term Effects

• Fertility: A biopsy does not affect fertility.
• Cervical changes: If abnormal cells are found, prompt treatment can prevent cancer.

Alternatives

• Monitoring: Repeat smears/colposcopy (less definitive than biopsy).
• HPV testing: For low-risk cases (does not replace biopsy for diagnosis).

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Will it hurt?
A: Most feel mild discomfort. Local anaesthetic can reduce pain.

Q: Can I drive home?
A: Yes – no sedation is used.

Q: When can I have sex again?
A: Wait 3–5 days or until bleeding stops.

Q: What if cancer is found?
A: Your doctor will discuss treatment options (e.g., surgery, radiotherapy).

eGynaecologist Advice:

• Repeating cervical smear, colposcopy or HPV testing is less definitive than cervical biopsy and you must the biopsy if this has been advised by your gynaecologist

You should seek gynaecological consultation if you developsevere pain, heavy bleeding, or raised temperature >38°C after this procedure