Cervical Biopsy

A cervical biopsy is a minor procedure to remove a small sample of tissue from your cervix (the entrance to the uterus). It is usually done during a colposcopy (a close examination of the cervix) or on speculum examination to check for abnormal cells that could indicate precancerous changes or cancer. Cervical biopsy is a diagnostic procedure (not a treatment) which helps determine if further action is needed and is performed in a clinic

Why is it Performed?

Your gynaecologist may recommend a cervical biopsy if:

• Abnormal cervical screening (smear) results (e.g., high-risk HPV or cell changes).
• Suspicious areas are seen during colposcopy.
• To rule out or confirm cervical cancer or precancerous changes (CIN).

Before the Procedure

• Timing: Avoid scheduling during your period (ideal time – mid-cycle).
• Avoid for 24–48 hours:
  • Vaginal sex, tampons, or lubricants.
  • Vaginal medications or douches.
• Pain relief: Take paracetamol/ibuprofen 30–60 minutes before (if advised).
• Ask questions: Discuss concerns, allergies, or pregnancy (if applicable).

During the Procedure

• Positioning: You lie on an exam table with legs in supports (similar to a smear test).
• Speculum: A plastic tool gently opens the vagina to view the cervix.
• Colposcopy: A microscope (colposcope) magnifies the cervix. A vinegar-like solution highlights abnormal area.
• Biopsy: A small tissue sample is taken with forceps or a punch tool (you may feel a pinch or cramp). Local anaesthetic may be used to numb the area (optional) and multiple samples may be taken.
• Completion: Pressure or a solution is applied to stop bleeding.

What you might feel:

• Brief cramping or stinging.
• Pressure during the biopsy.

Risks and Complications

• Common (temporary):
  • Light bleeding or dark discharge (may last 1–3 days).
  • Mild cramping (similar to period pain).
• Rare but serious:
  • Infection (symptoms: fever, foul-smelling discharge).
  • Heavy bleeding (soaking a pad hourly).

After the Procedure

• Self-care:
  • Use sanitary pads (no tampons) until bleeding stops. Avoid sex, swimming, or baths for 3–5 days.
  • Take pain relief (e.g., paracetamol) as needed.
• Follow-up:
  • Results take 1–2 weeks. Your gynaecologist will explain:
    • Normal: No abnormal cells – continue routine screening.
    • Abnormal: Further tests/treatment (e.g., LLETZ, cryotherapy).

Long-Term Effects

• Fertility: A biopsy does not affect fertility.
• Cervical changes: If abnormal cells are found, prompt treatment can prevent cancer.

Alternatives

• Monitoring: Repeat smears/colposcopy (less definitive than biopsy).
• HPV testing: For low-risk cases (does not replace biopsy for diagnosis).

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Will the cervical biopsy procedure hurt?
A: Most feel mild discomfort. Local anaesthetic can reduce pain.

Q: Can I drive home?
A: Yes – no sedation is used.

Q: When can I have sex again?
A: Wait 3–5 days or until bleeding stops.

Q: What if cancer is found?
A: Your gynaecologist will discuss treatment options (e.g., surgery, radiotherapy).

eGynaecologist Advice

• Repeating cervical smear, colposcopy or HPV testing is less definitive than cervical biopsy and you must the biopsy if this has been advised by your gynaecologist

• You should seek gynaecological consultation if you develop severe pain, heavy bleeding, or raised temperature >38°C after this procedure