Expertise

The study of DNA, its genes and how these express and interact to influence growth and changes in our bodies represents genomics. The changes in DNA are passed through generations which may sometimes lead into inheritable diseases running in families. However, the subject of how our environment influences our genes including for example the diet

Mounjaro is a weekly injection medication (“GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist”). It helps manage blood sugar in type 2 diabetes, but it’s also very effective for weight loss in people with obesity (BMI ≥30) or overweight (BMI ≥27) with weight-related health problems. Mounjaro is a tool that can help achieve this weight loss alongside diet and exercise

Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow abnormally and form a tumour. It is the most common cancer in women worldwide and early detection significantly improves treatment success. Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Prevention & Risk Reduction Screening Diagnosis Treatment Options Frequently Asked Questions eGynaecologist Advice

Women face a 1 in 5 lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer’s—nearly twice that of men to develop Dementia. After menopause, declining oestrogen accelerates brain aging and vulnerability. But up to 40% of dementia cases may be prevented or delayed through targeted actions. Key risk factors unique to women Factor Why It Matters Early menopause (<45) Longer lifetime oestrogen deficit →

Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a common condition where the bladder muscles contract involuntarily, causing sudden urges to urinate that may be hard to control. It is not a normal part of aging and can often be improved with treatment. Common symptoms Causes & triggers OAB develops when bladder nerves or muscles malfunction. Contributing factors: Diagnosis Your doctor may recommend:

Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS), also called Interstitial Cystitis (IC), is a chronic condition causing bladder pressure, pain, and frequent urination. Unlike infections, PBS involves bladder wall inflammation without bacteria. Symptoms vary daily and can significantly impact quality of life. Common symptoms Causes & triggers The exact cause is unknown, but contributing factors include: Diagnosis PBS is diagnosed by excluding

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria—most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) enter and multiply in parts of the urinary system such as the bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis), or kidneys (pyelonephritis). While many UTIs are isolated events, some individuals experience repeated episodes over a short period—this is known as recurrent UTI. You may be at

Post-coital bleeding refers to vaginal bleeding that occurs after sexual intercourse. It can range from light spotting to heavier bleeding and may happen occasionally or repeatedly. While often not serious, it should always be evaluated to rule out underlying conditions. Common symptoms Possible causes Diagnosis Treatment & Management Self-care & prevention Frequently asked Questions eGynaecologist Advice

Intermenstrual bleeding (IMB) refers to vaginal bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods. It can range from light spotting to heavier flow and may happen unpredictably. While sometimes harmless, it can signal an underlying condition that needs medical attention. Common symptoms Possible causes IMB can result from various factors, including: Diagnosis Treatment options Treatment depends on

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak, brittle, and prone to fractures due to loss of density. Common fracture sites: hips, spine, and wrists. After menopause, declining oestrogen levels accelerate bone loss, increasing osteoporosis risk. It is often called a “silent disease” because bone loss occurs without symptoms until a fracture happens and 1 in 3 women over 50

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that help repair DNA damage and prevent cancer. These are considered as body’s “spellcheckers” – they fix errors in DNA to keep cells healthy. Mutations (harmful changes) in these genes reduce their ability to repair DNA, increasing cancer risk. These mutations are inherited from either parent. Cancer risks associated with BRCA mutations Should you

Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited condition that increases the risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal and endometrial cancers. It is caused by changes (mutations) in genes that normally help repair DNA errors. Without these repairs, cells can turn cancerous. LS is also called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Causes Cancer risks People with LS have

A Bartholin abscess occurs when one of the Bartholin glands (located on either side of the vaginal opening) becomes blocked and infected. These glands normally secrete fluid to lubricate the vagina. When the duct is blocked, fluid builds up, forming a cyst. If the cyst becomes infected, it turns into a painful abscess. Symptoms Causes

Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition where the lining of the uterus (womb) becomes thicker than normal. It is not a cancer, but in some cases, it can develop into cancer if left untreated. There are two main types: Causes Endometrial hyperplasia is often caused by excess oestrogen without enough progesterone (a hormone that balances oestrogen). Common triggers include:

Vulval Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (VIN) refers to abnormal cell changes in the skin of the vulva (the external genital area, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). These changes are not cancer, but in rare cases, they may develop into vulval cancer if left untreated. VIN is graded as: Causes & risk factors Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment options Self-care Possible complications Follow-up

Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (CIN) refers to abnormal cell changes on the surface of the cervix (the entrance to the womb). These changes are not cancer, but if left untreated, some cases may develop into cervical cancer over many years. CIN is graded as: Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Options Recovery after Treatment Possible risks/Complications Prevention Frequently Asked Questions Q. Can

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic skin condition that causes thin, white, patchy skin, often affecting the genital and anal areas. It can lead to itching, pain, and scarring if untreated. While it is not contagious or cancerous, early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing symptoms and preventing complications. Common symptoms Causes & risk factors Diagnosis

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus spread through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. Certain HPV strains can cause: Why get vaccinated as an adult? Is the HPV vaccine safe? What to expect Important considerations Frequently Asked Questions Q: Can I get the vaccine if I already have HPV?A: Yes! It prevents new infections but

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is most often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria (e.g., Chlamydia or Gonorrhoea) and can lead to serious complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain, or ectopic pregnancy if untreated. Common symptoms Causes & risk factors Diagnosis Treatment options Possible complications Frequently

Vulvodynia is chronic pain or discomfort in the vulva (the external female genital area) that lasts for at least 3 months, with no clear cause (e.g., infection, injury, or skin disorder). It is a real and treatable condition that affects daily life, intimacy, and emotional well-being. Common symptoms Possible causes Diagnosis Treatment options Medical treatments Frequently Asked Questions Q:

Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina that can cause itching, discharge, and discomfort. It is often due to infections (like yeast or bacteria) or irritants. While common and treatable, proper diagnosis ensures the right treatment. Common symptoms Types & causes Diagnosis Treatment Options Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is vaginitis contagious?A: Only if caused by an STI (e.g.,

Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina). It is often caused by infections, irritants, or allergies. While common and treatable, untreated cervicitis can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or fertility issues. Common Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Options Prevention Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is cervicitis

Urogenital prolapse occurs when pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, rectum, or small bowel) slip from their normal position and bulge into the vagina due to weakened pelvic floor muscles and ligaments. It’s not life-threatening but can affect daily life and comfort. Think of your pelvic floor as a supportive hammock—when it weakens, organs may “sag.” Common Symptoms Causes

The Harmony Test is a non-invasive prenatal screening test (NIPT) that checks for certain chromosomal conditions in your baby using a simple blood draw. It is typically offered after 10 weeks of pregnancy and is not diagnostic—it estimates the likelihood of a condition but does not confirm it. What does It screen for? How does It work? Accuracy Who should consider the

Egg freezing (oocyte cryopreservation) is a process where a woman’s eggs are extracted from her ovaries, frozen, and stored for future use. This allows individuals to preserve their fertility for: Key steps in the process Success rates Risks & Considerations Who should consider egg freezing? Frequently Asked Questions Q: How long can eggs be stored?A:

Early menopause (premature ovarian insufficiency or POI) occurs when the ovaries stop functioning normally before age 40, leading to irregular or absent periods and reduced fertility. It affects 1 in 100 women under 40 years of age, and 1 in 1,000 under 30 years of age. Common Symptoms Possible causes Diagnosis Health risks Early menopause increases

Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) is when periods are abnormally heavy or prolonged, interfering with daily life. It affects 1 in 5 women and can lead to fatigue, anaemia, or emotional distress.  Common symptoms Possible causes Diagnosis: Treatment options Medical Treatments Surgical options Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is heavy bleeding normal?A: No—seek evaluation if you’re changing

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of the natural bacteria in the vagina. It occurs when harmful bacteria outnumber healthy Lactobacilli. BV is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it can increase the risk of STIs or complications if untreated. Common Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Options Prevention

Vaginal thrush is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida. It occurs when the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is disrupted. It is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and is easily treatable. Common symptoms Causes & risk factors Treatment options Antifungal Medications Self-care Prevention tips Frequently Asked Questions Q: Can

Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) are cramping pains in the lower abdomen before or during menstruation. They are common and affect many women, but severe pain may signal an underlying condition. There are two types: Common Symptoms Causes Primary Dysmenorrhea Secondary Dysmenorrhea Management Self-care Medical treatments Alternative therapies Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is it normal to have

Vaginal dryness occurs when the vaginal tissues lack moisture, leading to discomfort, itching, or pain. It’s common during menopause but can affect women of all ages due to hormonal changes, medications, or lifestyle factors. Common causes Symptoms Treatment options Lubricants Moisturizers Hormonal treatments Non-hormonal options Lifestyle adjustments Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is vaginal dryness normal?A: Yes! It’s

Painful sex, or dyspareunia, is discomfort during or after sexual intercourse. It’s a common issue affecting many women and can stem from physical, emotional, or hormonal causes. Common symptoms Possible causes Physical Causes Emotional/Psychological causes Diagnosis Treatment options Medical Treatments Psychological Support Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is painful sex normal?A: While common, it’s not something you should endure.

A UTI occurs when bacteria enter the urinary system, most often affecting the bladder (cystitis). Women are at higher risk due to a shorter urethra, which allows bacteria to reach the bladder more easily. If you have frequent infections (> 3/year), it is called recurrent UTI. Common symptoms Causes & risk factors Diagnosis Treatment Frequently

An Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) is a small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. These are highly effective as long-lasting contraception. There are two main types: How It works Insertion process Possible side effects Frequently Asked Questions Q: Does insertion hurt?A: Discomfort varies; painkillers can help. Many describe it as strong period cramps. Q:

Contraception (birth control) helps prevent pregnancy. There are many types, and the best choice depends on your health, lifestyle, and future plans. Some methods also protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The choice of contraception depends on the convenience and effectiveness you want, your medical conditions and whether you want additional protection against STIs. Why

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually type 2 (HSV-2). It causes outbreaks of painful sores or blisters in the genital or anal area. Antiviral medications can manage symptoms and reduce transmission. Key Facts Common Symptoms How is it spread? Testing & Diagnosis Treatment options Frequently

Endometrial polyps are non-cancerous growths attached to the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium). They range in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres and are most common in women aged 40–50 or those on hormone therapy. Most are benign, but evaluation is key to rule out rare cancerous changes. Common Symptoms Many polyps cause no symptoms. When present,

Genital warts are small, flesh-coloured growths caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). They appear on or around the vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, or thighs. While not dangerous, they can cause discomfort and emotional distress. Common symptoms Causes & transmission Diagnosis Treatment Options Frequently Asked Questions Q: Are genital warts cancerous?A: No—warts are caused

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside an ovary. Most are harmless (benign) and resolve on their own, but some may cause symptoms or require treatment. They are common in women of reproductive age and can occur in post-menopausal women as well. Types of ovarian cysts Common symptoms Many cysts cause no symptoms. When

Urinary incontinence is the unintentional leakage of urine. It is a common condition, especially among women, and is not a normal part of aging. With proper care, most cases can be improved or cured. You may have varied types of bladder incontinence, including following Types of Urinary Incontinence Common Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Options Lifestyle changes

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections spread primarily through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral sex) or close genital contact. Some can also spread via shared needles, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Common STIs include: Common symptoms How do STIs spread? Testing & Diagnosis Treatment options Prevention Frequently Asked Questions Q: Can I get an STI without symptoms?A: Yes!

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to physical and emotional symptoms that occur 1–2 weeks before your period and improve once menstruation begins. It’s very common, affecting up to 3 in 4 menstruating individuals. Severe emotional symptoms (e.g., extreme sadness or anger) may indicate PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder), a more intense form of PMS. Common symptoms What causes PMS? Diagnosis Management

Pre-pregnancy counselling is a proactive discussion with your healthcare provider to optimise your health and reduce risks before you conceive. It’s recommended for anyone planning a pregnancy, especially if you: Why is it important? What to expect during your visit Key issues to discuss Frequently Asked Questions Q: When should I start pre-pregnancy counselling?A: Ideally 3–6 months before trying

Recurrent miscarriage is defined as experiencing three or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 24 weeks of gestation. While emotionally challenging, many couples go on to have successful pregnancies with the right care. Possible causes Diagnostic tests Treatment options Frequently Asked Questions Q: Can stress cause recurrent miscarriage?A: No. Stress doesn’t directly cause miscarriage, though emotional well-being matters.

An abnormal cervical smear means cell changes were found on your cervix during screening. These changes are not cancer but are monitored to prevent future issues. Most are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus spread through skin-to-skin contact. An abnormal result is common (1 in 20 smears) and rarely urgent. What do my results mean?

Vaginal pinworm infestation occurs when pinworms (small, white intestinal worms) migrate from the anus to the vaginal area. It is a secondary effect of intestinal pinworm infection (Enterobius vermicularis), most common in children but possible in adults. Though uncomfortable, it is treatable and preventable with proper hygiene. Causes & transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Medications Hygiene Measures Frequently Asked Questions Q:

Perimenopause is the transitional phase leading to menopause (when periods stop for 12 months). It typically begins in the mid-40s but can start earlier. Hormone levels, especially oestrogen, fluctuate, leading to physical and emotional changes. This phase can last 4–8 years and ends one year after your final period (menopause). Common symptoms Symptoms vary widely but may include: Management